{"id":4422,"date":"2023-04-25T08:28:53","date_gmt":"2023-04-25T05:28:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/?p=4422"},"modified":"2025-08-12T19:13:35","modified_gmt":"2025-08-12T16:13:35","slug":"gayri-safi-milli-hasila","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/gayri-safi-milli-hasila\/","title":{"rendered":"Gayri Safi Milli Has\u0131la"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gayri Safi Milli Has\u0131la<\/strong> ( GNP \u2013 GSMH ) bir \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ( bir \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131 do\u011fal kaynaklar, emek, sermaye ve te\u015febb\u00fcs g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131larak ) bir y\u0131lda gerek o \u00fclkede gerekse di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fayan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi nihai mallar\u0131n piyasa de\u011ferine denir. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi GSMH, \u00fcretimin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer \u00fczerinde de\u011fil, \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinin sahipli\u011fi \u00fczerinden tan\u0131mlanan bir kavramd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Gayri safi Yurti\u00e7i Has\u0131la<\/a> ( GDP \u2013 GSYH )\u2019n\u0131n aksine GSMH yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki \u00fcretime yapt\u0131klar\u0131 katk\u0131y\u0131 kapsamaz. \u00dclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcretime yapt\u0131klar\u0131 katk\u0131y\u0131 kapsar.<\/p>\n

GSMH = GSYH + \u00dclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkedeki \u00fcretime katk\u0131lar\u0131 \u2013 Yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkedeki \u00fcretime katk\u0131lar\u0131<\/p>\n

\u015eeklinde hesaplan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerde elde ettikleri fakt\u00f6r gelirleri o \u00fclkedeki \u00fcretime yapt\u0131klar\u0131 katk\u0131y\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r. Benzer bir bi\u00e7imde yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkede elde ettikleri fakt\u00f6r gelirleri de, \u00fclkedeki \u00fcretime yapt\u0131klar\u0131 katk\u0131y\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

GSMH= GSYH + yerli \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinin yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerde elde ettikleri fakt\u00f6r gelirleri + yabanc\u0131 \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinin \u00fclkede elde ettikleri fakt\u00f6r gelirleridir.<\/p>\n

Bahsedilen fakt\u00f6r gelirleri aras\u0131ndaki pozitif veya negatif fark ise k\u0131saca \u2018net fakt\u00f6r gelirleri ( NFI )\u2019 <\/em><\/strong>olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

GSMH = GSYH + NFI<\/p>\n

Net fakt\u00f6r gelirlerinin<\/a> pozitif olmas\u0131 ( yerli \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinin yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerde elde ettikleri fakt\u00f6r gelirlerinin yabanc\u0131 \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinin \u00fclkede elde ettikleri fakt\u00f6r gelirlerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131 ) halinde, gayri safi milli has\u0131la, gayri safi yurti\u00e7i has\u0131ladan b\u00fcy\u00fck olur. Net fakt\u00f6r gelirlerinin negatif olmas\u0131 (yerli \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinin yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerde elde ettikleri fakt\u00f6r gelirlerinin yabanc\u0131 \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinin \u00fclkede elde ettikleri fakt\u00f6r gelirlerinden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131 ) halinde ise, gayri safi milli has\u0131la gayri safi yurti\u00e7i has\u0131ladan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olur.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer taraftan bir \u00fclkede hesaplanan GSMH \u2019n\u0131n, \u00fclkede ya\u015fayan ki\u015fi say\u0131s\u0131na b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle \u2018 ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na gelir\u2019<\/em><\/strong> elde edilir. \u00dclkelerin milli gelirlerinin ve ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen gelir miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6nemlidir. Bir \u00fclkenin ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc milli gelir d\u00fczeyi ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 gelir ise o \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ortalama gelir d\u00fczeyinin hesaplanmas\u0131n\u0131n ve halk\u0131n refah g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesinin g\u00f6stergesi say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

GSY\u0130H bir \u00fclkenin ya da b\u00f6lgenin ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc hakk\u0131nda daha iyi bir fikir verirken GSMH bir ulusun ya da onun ekonomik egemenli\u011fine ili\u015fkin ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc hakk\u0131nda daha iyi bir fikir verir.<\/p>\n

GSMH ve GSYH aras\u0131ndaki fark, \u00f6zellikle k\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, ekonomik analizlerde kritik bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00c7ok uluslu \u015firketlerin faaliyetleri, yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar, g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketleri ve sermaye ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bu iki kavram aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 giderek daha belirgin hale getirmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, baz\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fakat y\u00fcksek gelirli \u00fclkelerde (L\u00fcksemburg, Katar gibi) GSYH, yabanc\u0131 sermaye giri\u015fleri ve yabanc\u0131 i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisiyle y\u00fcksek g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilir; ancak GSMH de\u011ferleri bu fark\u0131 d\u00fczelterek, \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek gelir kapasitesini ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n

1. Politik Karar Alma S\u00fcrecinde \u00d6nemi<\/strong>
Ekonomik politika yap\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan GSMH, \u00f6zellikle d\u0131\u015f ekonomik ili\u015fkilerden kaynaklanan gelir ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclke refah\u0131na etkisini \u00f6l\u00e7mekte kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 bulunan ve y\u00fcksek k\u00e2r transferi sa\u011flayan bir \u00fclke, GSYH\u2019sine k\u0131yasla GSMH\u2019s\u0131nda pozitif bir sapma ya\u015fayabilir. Bu, \u00fclkenin d\u0131\u015f ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ulusal sermayenin k\u00fcresel g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131t\u0131r. Tersi durumda ise, y\u00fcksek yabanc\u0131 sermaye \u00e7ekmi\u015f ancak yerli fakt\u00f6r gelirleri s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan \u00fclkelerde GSMH, GSYH\u2019den d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olacakt\u0131r; bu da \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki \u00fcretimden elde edilen gelirin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

2. Tarihsel Perspektif ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm Zorluklar\u0131<\/strong>
GSMH hesaplamalar\u0131 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6zellikle net fakt\u00f6r gelirlerinin do\u011fru \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi, veri toplama zorluklar\u0131 ve kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ekonomik faaliyetler nedeniyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. G\u00f6\u00e7men i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6nderdikleri para transferleri (remittances), do\u011frudan yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n k\u00e2r transferleri, uluslararas\u0131 lisans\/royalty \u00f6demeleri gibi kalemlerin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesi gerekmektedir. Bu noktada ulusal istatistik kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 metodolojiler ve uluslararas\u0131 standartlar (\u00f6rn. IMF ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 metodolojileri) kritik rol oynar.<\/p>\n

3. Uluslararas\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalarda GSMH Kullan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong>
GSMH, \u00f6zellikle ulusal refah\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesinde ve vatanda\u015f odakl\u0131 gelir analizlerinde tercih edilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, baz\u0131 petrol ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u00fclkelerde GSYH \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, \u00fcretimden elde edilen k\u00e2r\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlere ait olabilir. Bu durumda GSMH, \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n reel ekonomik pay\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tarak daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir tablo sunar.<\/p>\n

4. \u00d6rnek Uygulama<\/strong>
Diyelim ki bir \u00fclkenin GSYH\u2019s\u0131 500 milyar dolar, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan elde edilen fakt\u00f6r gelirleri 50 milyar dolar ve yurti\u00e7inde yabanc\u0131lara giden fakt\u00f6r gelirleri 30 milyar dolar olsun. Net fakt\u00f6r gelirleri (NFI) = 50 \u2013 30 = 20 milyar dolar olur. Bu durumda GSMH = 500 + 20 = 520 milyar dolar olarak hesaplan\u0131r. E\u011fer tam tersi durumda NFI negatif olsayd\u0131, GSMH GSYH\u2019den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

5. Ki\u015fi Ba\u015f\u0131na GSMH ve Refah \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong>
Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na GSMH de\u011feri, \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam standard\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lan bir g\u00f6stergedir. Ancak bu de\u011ferin tek ba\u015f\u0131na refah\u0131n tam \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 adaleti, sat\u0131n alma g\u00fcc\u00fc paritesi (PPP) d\u00fczeltmeleri ve fiyat d\u00fczeyleri gibi fakt\u00f6rler de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, y\u00fcksek ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na GSMH de\u011ferine sahip bir \u00fclke, e\u011fer gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 e\u015fitsizlik varsa, geni\u015f halk kesimlerinin refah\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmayabilir.<\/p>\n

6. Sonu\u00e7 ve Stratejik \u00d6nemi<\/strong>
GSMH ve GSYH\u2019nin birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmesi, hem i\u00e7 ekonomik kapasitenin hem de ulusal sermaye ve eme\u011fin k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki performans\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda zorunludur. K\u00fcresel ekonomiye entegrasyonun artmas\u0131, bu iki kavram\u0131n birbirinden sapma e\u011filimini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir. Politika yap\u0131c\u0131lar, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar ve akademisyenler i\u00e7in bu g\u00f6stergeler, ekonomik stratejilerin belirlenmesinde temel veri kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gayri Safi Milli Has\u0131la ( GNP \u2013 GSMH ) bir \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ( bir \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131 do\u011fal kaynaklar, emek, sermaye ve te\u015febb\u00fcs g\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131larak ) bir y\u0131lda gerek o \u00fclkede gerekse di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde ya\u015fayan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi nihai mallar\u0131n piyasa de\u011ferine denir. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi GSMH, \u00fcretimin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer \u00fczerinde de\u011fil, \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinin<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":4423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,47],"tags":[307,306,287],"class_list":{"0":"post-4422","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-jeoekonomik-makro-veriler","8":"category-makro-ekonomik-analizler","9":"tag-gayri-safi-milli-hasila","10":"tag-gsmh","11":"tag-iktisat-sozlugu"},"better_featured_image":{"id":4423,"alt_text":"Gayri Safi Has\u0131la","caption":"","description":"","media_type":"image","media_details":{"width":1280,"height":904,"file":"2023\/04\/Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila.png","filesize":221928,"sizes":{"medium":{"file":"Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-300x212.png","width":300,"height":212,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":43539,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-300x212.png"},"large":{"file":"Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-1024x723.png","width":1024,"height":723,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":224517,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-1024x723.png"},"thumbnail":{"file":"Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":22543,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-150x150.png"},"medium_large":{"file":"Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-768x542.png","width":768,"height":542,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":152410,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-768x542.png"},"bunyad-small":{"file":"Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-150x106.png","width":150,"height":106,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":15542,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-150x106.png"},"bunyad-medium":{"file":"Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-450x318.png","width":450,"height":318,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":77788,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-450x318.png"},"bunyad-full":{"file":"Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-1200x848.png","width":1200,"height":848,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":282246,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-1200x848.png"},"bunyad-768":{"file":"Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-768x542.png","width":768,"height":542,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":152410,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila-768x542.png"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]}},"post":4422,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Gayri-Safi-Milli-Hasila.png"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4422","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4422"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4422\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5524,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4422\/revisions\/5524"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4422"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4422"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4422"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}