{"id":4457,"date":"2023-04-29T07:27:51","date_gmt":"2023-04-29T04:27:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/?p=4457"},"modified":"2025-07-20T17:34:27","modified_gmt":"2025-07-20T14:34:27","slug":"noroekonomi-disiplini-nasil-dogru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/noroekonomi-disiplini-nasil-dogru\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00f6roekonomi Disiplini Nas\u0131l Do\u011fdu?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00f6roekonomi, son y\u0131llarda farkl\u0131 konularda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131y\u0131 (n\u00f6robilim, ekonomi, psikoloji, m\u00fchendislik vb.)\u00a0 bir araya getiren disiplinleraras\u0131 bir aland\u0131r. Temel olarak verilen kararlar ile ayn\u0131 anda insan b\u00fcnyesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen biyolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Aralar\u0131nda ili\u015fki bulunan bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn birbirinden etkilenmesiyle olu\u015fan n\u00f6roiktisat ilk ba\u015flarda temelde iki gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Davran\u0131\u015fsal iktisat\u00e7\u0131 ve bili\u015fsel psikologlardan olu\u015fan bir grup neoklasik\/a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f tercihler teorisine alternatif geli\u015ftirmek ve test etmek amac\u0131yla fonksiyonel beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclemeyi bir ara\u00e7 olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fizyolog ve bili\u015fsel n\u00f6robilimcilerden olu\u015fan di\u011fer grup ise se\u00e7imlerin sinir donan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n algoritmik modellerini geli\u015ftirmek ve test etmek i\u00e7in iktisat teorisini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak biri a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak davran\u0131\u015fsal iktisat, di\u011feri ise a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak n\u00f6robilimsel olan iki farkl\u0131 gruptan bir birle\u015fim olu\u015fmu\u015ftur, ancak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan n\u00f6roiktisat grubu d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki pek\u00e7ok n\u00f6robiyolog iktisad\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k normatif modelleri, ger\u00e7ek insan ve hayvanlar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok az de\u011ferli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pek\u00e7ok iktisat\u00e7\u0131, \u00f6zellikle baz\u0131 neoklasik iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar ise karar almada algoritmik seviye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f tercihler teorisinin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm bu tart\u0131\u015fmalara ra\u011fmen, n\u00f6roiktisatta as\u0131l s\u0131\u00e7ray\u0131\u015f 90\u2019lar\u0131n sonunda 2000\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Benzer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar, n\u00f6robilimciler ve bili\u015fsel psikologlar disiplinler aras\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011finin artmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan h\u0131zl\u0131ca bir dizi konferans ve toplant\u0131lar d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Bu disiplinler aras\u0131 toplant\u0131lar\u0131n ilki 1997\u2019de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmu.edu\/dietrich\/sds\/docs\/loewenstein\/neuroeconomics.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Carnegie-Mellon \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u201cN\u00f6rodavran\u0131\u015fsal \u0130ktisat Konferans\u0131\u201d<\/a> ad\u0131yla iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar Colin Camerer ve George Loewenstein taraf\u0131ndan organize edilmi\u015ftir. Sonra iki toplant\u0131 daha yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan birisi 2000\u2019de n\u00f6roiktisatla direkt ili\u015fki bir konferans olan P<a href=\"https:\/\/collaborate.princeton.edu\/en\/publications\/neuroeconomics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rinceton \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde d\u00fczenlenen \u201cN\u00f6ral \u0130ktisat\u201d<\/a> \u00e7al\u0131\u015ftay\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011feri ise 2001\u2019de Gruter Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn d\u00fczenledi\u011fi \u201cEvrimsel Biyoloji, \u0130ktisat ve Hukuk\u201d adl\u0131 konferanst\u0131r. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Emory \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden Greg Berns taraf\u0131ndan bir konferans d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u00dc\u00e7 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren konferanstan sonra, iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar, psikologlar ve n\u00f6robiyologlar nihayet kendilerini n\u00f6roiktisat\u00e7\u0131 olarak tan\u0131tmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 2004\u2019te \u201cN\u00f6roiktisat Derne\u011fi\u201dnin kurulmas\u0131 ve toplant\u0131lar\u0131n her y\u0131l yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve dernek ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak Paul Glimcher se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Dernek, ilk resmi toplant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 2005\u2019te yapm\u0131\u015f ve laboratuvarlar kurulmas\u0131na da katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Daha sonra alan\u0131n ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve y\u00f6ntemleri hakk\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re iktisadi kararlar\u0131 daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in n\u00f6robiyolojik y\u00f6ntemlerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserlerin mi yoksa n\u00f6robiyolojiyi daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in iktisat teorisinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserlerin mi ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar aras\u0131nda say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r. Peter Shizgal ve Kent Conover\u2019\u0131n \u201cFaydan\u0131n N\u00f6ral Hesaplamas\u0131 \u00dczerine adl\u0131 makalesi normatif bir iktisat teorisi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ilk n\u00f6robiyolojik makaledir. Bunu yine Peter Shizgal\u2019in \u201cFayda Tahmininin N\u00f6ral Temeli\u201d adl\u0131 makalesi takip etmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michael Platt ve Paul Glimcher \u00fc\u00e7 Hint \u015febe\u011fine (primat), g\u00f6rsel bir ipucu g\u00f6stererek ve \u00f6d\u00fcl olarak meyve suyu verdikleri deneyde \u015febeklerin g\u00f6z hareketlerinden nas\u0131l se\u00e7im yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak amac\u0131yla iktisadi bir yakla\u015f\u0131m kulland\u0131klar\u0131 \u201cPerietal Korteks\u2019te Karar De\u011fi\u015fkenlerinin N\u00f6ral Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131\u201d\u00a0 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesi de n\u00f6robiyolojinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara \u00f6rnek olarak verilebilir. Paul Glimcher\u2019in n\u00f6roiktisad\u0131n temellerini Descartes\u2019ten G\u00f6del ve Turing\u2019e dayand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli oyun ve deneylerle destekledi\u011fi \u201cKararlar, Belirsizlik ve Beyin: N\u00f6roiktisat Bilimi\u201d \u00a0 adl\u0131 kitab\u0131 da n\u00f6roiktisat teorisinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserler grubuna \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilebilir. Colin Camerer, George Loewenstein ve Drazen Prelec ise n\u00f6roiktisadi yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 davran\u0131\u015fsal iktisat perspektifinden bakarak a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131 bir makale yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda geleneksel aksiyomatik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n muhtemelen karar vermekten sorumlu algoritmik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler \u00fczerindeki n\u00f6robiyolojik k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmektedir. Karar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndaki n\u00f6robiyolojik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n, davran\u0131\u015fta normatif teoriden sapmalara neden olan bu k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karabileci\u011fini ve tan\u0131mlayabilece\u011fini iddia etmektedir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00f6roiktisat kavram\u0131 George Mason \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde<a href=\"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/kesfedin\/alternatif-data\"> insanlar nas\u0131l karar verir<\/a> sorusuna cevap aramak i\u00e7in bir n\u00f6robiyoloji deneyi olu\u015fturan, g\u00fcven oyunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla da tan\u0131nan, Kevin A. McCabe taraf\u0131ndan 1996\u2019da n\u00f6roloji ve iktisat kavramlar\u0131 bir araya getirilerek t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir.. McCabe, diktat\u00f6r oyununda diktat\u00f6r olan g\u00f6ndericinin bir miktar para g\u00f6nderdi\u011finde beynindeki s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin para g\u00f6ndermedi\u011fi durumdan farkl\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. McCabe, iktisat\u00e7\u0131 Vernon Smith (Smith, ertesi y\u0131l deneysel iktisada katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nobel Ekonomi \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fcne Kahneman ile lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr) ekonometrist Daniel Houser ve biyomedikal m\u00fchendis Theodore Trouard ve psikolog Lee Ryan\u2019dan olu\u015fan grubuyla strateji oyunlar\u0131nda n\u00f6ral aktivasyon ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcven ve \u00fcltimatom oyununu bireylerin bilgisayarlara kar\u015f\u0131 oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da mevcuttur. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n risk, \u00f6d\u00fcl, kar, kazan\u00e7 ve kay\u0131plarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131klar\u0131nda bunlar\u0131n beyin sinir sisteminde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkilerin g\u00f6zlenmesi i\u00e7in beynin belli b\u00f6lgelerinin taranmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N\u00f6roiktisadi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda baz\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Bunlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 manyetoensefalografi (MEG) ve elektroensefalografi (EEG) gibi elektromanyetik kay\u0131tlar i\u00e7inde yer almaktad\u0131r. MEG elektriksel beyin aktivitesinin neden oldu\u011fu manyetik alan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerine duyarl\u0131d\u0131r ve daha derin beyin yap\u0131lar\u0131nda aktivite g\u00f6sterebilir. EEG ise, kafa derisinden beyin dalgalar\u0131 aktivitesini \u00f6l\u00e7mektedir. Fonksiyonel manyetik rezonans g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme (fMRI) ve pozitron emisyon tomografisi (PET) ise metabolik veya hemodinamik n\u00f6ral aktivite i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r. PET radyoaktif \u00e7\u00f6zelti enjekte eden eski bir tarama teknolojisidir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radyoaktif izleyiciler kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 test bireylerine ba\u015fvuru s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. fMRI \u015fu anda en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan fonksiyonel beyin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme tekni\u011fidir. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir rezonans sinyallerinden yararlanarak beynin kesitlerini g\u00f6sterir. fMRI, devam eden bili\u015fsel i\u015flemler s\u0131ras\u0131nda kandaki oksijen de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini (n\u00f6ral aktivite i\u00e7in bir ge\u00e7i\u015f) izlemeyi ve saptamay\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan, transkranyal manyetik uyar\u0131m\u0131 (transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) ve transkranial do\u011fru ak\u0131m uyar\u0131m\u0131 (transcranial direct current stimulation) (tDCS) gibi beyin uyar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesiz y\u00f6ntemler de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. TMS, beynin b\u00f6lgelerini devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmakta veya aktive etmektedir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda hedeflenen b\u00f6lgelerin nas\u0131l bir fonksiyon g\u00f6sterdi\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. tDCS ise, beyin \u00fczerinden anod ve katod elektrodlar\u0131 ile \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u015fiddetli do\u011fru ak\u0131m ge\u00e7irilme y\u00f6ntemidir . Ayr\u0131ca oksitosin deneyleri, g\u00f6z hareketlerinin izlenmesi , transkraniyal manyetik stim\u00fclasyon ((r)TMS), elektrofizyoloji, lezyon gibi \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli tekniklerle de deneyler yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>N\u00f6roekonomi, son y\u0131llarda farkl\u0131 konularda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131y\u0131 (n\u00f6robilim, ekonomi, psikoloji, m\u00fchendislik vb.)\u00a0 bir araya getiren disiplinleraras\u0131 bir aland\u0131r. Temel olarak verilen kararlar ile ayn\u0131 anda insan b\u00fcnyesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen biyolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Aralar\u0131nda ili\u015fki bulunan bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn birbirinden etkilenmesiyle olu\u015fan n\u00f6roiktisat ilk ba\u015flarda temelde iki gruba ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Davran\u0131\u015fsal iktisat\u00e7\u0131 ve bili\u015fsel<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4458,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,39,12,15],"tags":[325,323,324,326,327],"class_list":{"0":"post-4457","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-alternatif-veri-ve-hisse-analizi","8":"category-analiz-teknikleri","9":"category-kitle-ilgisi-ve-etkilesim","10":"category-sentiment-analizi","11":"tag-interdisipliner","12":"tag-noroekonomi","13":"tag-noroiktisat","14":"tag-psikoloji","15":"tag-psikometri"},"better_featured_image":{"id":4458,"alt_text":"N\u00f6roekonomi Bilimi Nas\u0131l Do\u011fdu","caption":"","description":"","media_type":"image","media_details":{"width":611,"height":715,"file":"2023\/04\/Noroekonomi.jpg","filesize":186474,"sizes":{"medium":{"file":"Noroekonomi-256x300.jpg","width":256,"height":300,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":32875,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Noroekonomi-256x300.jpg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"Noroekonomi-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":17565,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Noroekonomi-150x150.jpg"},"bunyad-small":{"file":"Noroekonomi-150x176.jpg","width":150,"height":176,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":18703,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Noroekonomi-150x176.jpg"},"bunyad-medium":{"file":"Noroekonomi-450x527.jpg","width":450,"height":527,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":70378,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Noroekonomi-450x527.jpg"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1","keywords":[]}},"post":4457,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Noroekonomi.jpg"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4457","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4457"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4457\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4460,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4457\/revisions\/4460"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4458"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4457"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4457"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4457"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}