{"id":4810,"date":"2023-09-28T10:58:13","date_gmt":"2023-09-28T07:58:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/?p=4810"},"modified":"2025-08-20T12:41:20","modified_gmt":"2025-08-20T09:41:20","slug":"monopol-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/monopol-nedir\/","title":{"rendered":"Monopol Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tek bir firman\u0131n yak\u0131n ikamesi bulunmayan bir mal\u0131 \u00fcretti\u011fi ve satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 piyasa t\u00fcr\u00fcne <strong>monopo<\/strong>l denir. Yani monopol piyasay\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan iki \u00f6zellik vard\u0131r;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tek bir firman\u0131n var olmas\u0131 (di\u011fer firmalar piyasaya giremezler).<\/li>\n<li>Yak\u0131n ikamesi bulunmayan mal \u00fcretmesi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Di\u011fer firmalar\u0131n piyasaya girmesini engelleyen unsurlara <strong><em>\u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/turkiyede-kur-enflasyon-iliskisi-ve-sessiz-monopol\/\">Giri\u015f Engelleri<\/a>\u2019<\/em><\/strong> denir. Giri\u015f engelleri iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6rt grupta ele al\u0131n\u0131r;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mal \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan ve yak\u0131n ikamesi bulunmayan hammaddelerin tek bir firma kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumda hammaddeyi elinde bulunduran firma bu hammaddeyi ba\u015fka bir firmaya satmayarak \u00fcretilecek mal\u0131n kendisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki firmalar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilmesine engel olabilir. Bu duruma \u2018<strong><em>yak\u0131n ikamesi olmayan hammaddelerin kontrol\u00fc\u2019<\/em><\/strong> denir. En klasik \u00f6rne\u011fi ise, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde Amerika\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn boksit rezervlerini elinde bulunduran Amerikan Al\u00fcminyum \u015eirketi\u2019nin (Alcoa) al\u00fcminyum \u00fcretiminin ana hammaddesi olan boksiti satmay\u0131 reddederek, di\u011fer firmalar\u0131n piyasaya girmesini engellemesi ve Amerikan al\u00fcminyum piyasas\u0131nda monopol konumda olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li>\u00dcretilen mal\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn piyasa talebinin \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticiye k\u0131yasla bir b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici taraf\u0131ndan daha ucuza kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu duruma <strong><em>\u2018\u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomileri\u2019<\/em><\/strong> Burada uzun d\u00f6nemde mal\u0131 \u00fcreten firma b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e maliyet azal\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomilerinden kaynaklanan monopole <strong><em>\u2018do\u011fal monopol\u2019<\/em><\/strong> denir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lan iki giri\u015f engeline k\u0131saca <strong><em>\u2018teknolojik giri\u015f engeli\u2019<\/em><\/strong> denir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Yeni bulu\u015flar\u0131n kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in o bulu\u015fu yapan firmaya verilmesidir. K\u0131saca patent olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu durum kal\u0131c\u0131 bir giri\u015f engeli de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n<li>Bir mal\u0131n \u00fcretim izninin, h\u00fck\u00fcmet taraf\u0131ndan tek bir firmaya verilmesidir. H\u00fck\u00fcmet lisanslar\u0131 ve imtiyazlar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu durum daha \u00e7ok elektrik, su gibi faaliyet kollar\u0131nda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz monopol tipidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lan iki giri\u015f engeline k\u0131saca <strong><em>\u2018hukuki giri\u015f engeli\u2019<\/em><\/strong> denir.<\/p>\n<p>Monopol piyasa t\u0131pk\u0131<a href=\"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/ask\/answers\/040915\/what-difference-between-monopolistic-market-and-perfect-competition.asp#:~:text=In%20a%20perfectly%20competitive%20market%3A%20all%20firms%20sell%20an%20identical,freedom%20of%20entry%20and%20exit.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> tam rekabet piyasas\u0131<\/a> gibi ger\u00e7ek hayatta pek rastlanmaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc monopol piyasan\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken \u015fart olan bir firman\u0131n yak\u0131n ikamesi bulunmayan mal \u00fcretmesi ger\u00e7e\u011fi ger\u00e7ek hayata uyarlanabilir de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Apple marka bir ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefon, Samsung marka bir ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefon ile ikame edebilir.\u00a0Monopol piyasada tam rekabet piyasas\u0131n\u0131n aksine fiyat rekabeti yoktur ve monopol firma teorik olarak t\u00fcketici rant\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131rlayabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Rekabet hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan monopoller ve piyasa yo\u011funla\u015fmalar\u0131, olu\u015fan monopol\u00fcn do\u011fal olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re denetlenir. Bir monopol t\u00fcketicinin do\u011fal yollardan ve s\u00fcrekli olarak monopol firman\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc tercih etmesiyle olu\u015fuyorsa ve teorik d\u00fczeyde piyasaya giri\u015f-\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f serbestse do\u011fal monopol olarak kabul edilir ve rekabet hukukunun konusu olmaz. Di\u011fer taraftan monopol\u00fc olu\u015fturan firma da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol ederek ya da d\u00fc\u015fmanca sat\u0131n alma ve fiyat rekabetleri ile \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m kanallar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol ederek olu\u015fuyorsa do\u011fal monopol de\u011fildir ve rekabet hukukunun konusudur.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"230\" data-end=\"277\"><strong data-start=\"234\" data-end=\"277\">1. Monopol Piyasada Fiyatlama Davran\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"279\" data-end=\"521\">Monopol piyasada, tek bir firma piyasadaki t\u00fcm arz\u0131 kontrol etti\u011fi i\u00e7in fiyatlar\u0131 belirleme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahiptir. Tam rekabet piyasas\u0131nda firmalar fiyat al\u0131c\u0131 (price-taker) konumundayken, monopol firmalar fiyat yap\u0131c\u0131 (price-maker) konumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"523\" data-end=\"773\">Monopol firma, \u00fcretim miktar\u0131n\u0131 ayarlayarak piyasa fiyat\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eder. Ancak bu kontrol mutlak de\u011fildir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc fiyat\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek belirlenmesi durumunda talep d\u00fc\u015febilir. Monopolist, <strong data-start=\"708\" data-end=\"729\">talep esnekli\u011fini<\/strong> dikkate alarak k\u00e2r maksimizasyonu sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"796\">Temel mant\u0131k \u015fudur:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"797\" data-end=\"1025\">\n<li data-start=\"797\" data-end=\"892\">\n<p data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"892\">Talep esnekli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse (yak\u0131n ikame mallar yoksa), firma daha y\u00fcksek fiyat belirleyebilir.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"893\" data-end=\"1025\">\n<p data-start=\"895\" data-end=\"1025\">Talep esnekli\u011fi y\u00fcksekse, fiyat\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bile sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ciddi bi\u00e7imde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr, bu y\u00fczden fiyatlama daha dikkatli yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1027\" data-end=\"1030\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1032\" data-end=\"1071\"><strong data-start=\"1036\" data-end=\"1071\">2. Monopolde K\u00e2r Maksimizasyonu<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1330\">Monopol piyasada firman\u0131n temel amac\u0131, toplam k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 maksimize etmektir. Teorik olarak bu, <strong data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1189\">marjinal maliyet (MC)<\/strong> ile <strong data-start=\"1194\" data-end=\"1217\">marjinal gelir (MR)<\/strong> e\u015fitli\u011fine dayan\u0131r. Monopol firma \u00fcretim miktar\u0131n\u0131, marjinal gelir marjinal maliyete e\u015fit olana kadar art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1332\" data-end=\"1515\">\n<li data-start=\"1332\" data-end=\"1427\">\n<p data-start=\"1334\" data-end=\"1427\">Marjinal gelir (MR), monopol piyasada talep e\u011frisine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak azalan bir yap\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1428\" data-end=\"1515\">\n<p data-start=\"1430\" data-end=\"1515\">Marjinal maliyet (MC), \u00fcretim maliyetlerinin her ek birim i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015fimini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1517\" data-end=\"1795\">MR = MC noktas\u0131nda belirlenen \u00fcretim miktar\u0131, piyasadaki denge miktar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bu noktaya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen talep e\u011frisi \u00fczerinden fiyat belirlenir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, monopol piyasada fiyat tam rekabet piyasas\u0131na g\u00f6re <strong data-start=\"1733\" data-end=\"1748\">daha y\u00fcksek<\/strong>, \u00fcretilen mal miktar\u0131 ise <strong data-start=\"1775\" data-end=\"1789\">daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck<\/strong> olur.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1797\" data-end=\"1800\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1802\" data-end=\"1858\"><strong data-start=\"1806\" data-end=\"1858\">3. Monopol\u00fcn Toplumsal Refah \u00dczerindeki Etkileri<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1860\" data-end=\"2021\">Monopol piyasalar, fiyatlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek, \u00fcretimin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131 nedeniyle toplumsal refah kay\u0131plar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Buna <strong data-start=\"1973\" data-end=\"2012\">\u00f6l\u00fc a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kayb\u0131 (deadweight loss)<\/strong> denir.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2023\" data-end=\"2369\">\n<li data-start=\"2023\" data-end=\"2111\">\n<p data-start=\"2025\" data-end=\"2111\"><strong data-start=\"2025\" data-end=\"2051\">T\u00fcketici rant\u0131 azal\u0131r:<\/strong> T\u00fcketiciler daha y\u00fcksek fiyat \u00f6der veya \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc hi\u00e7 alamaz.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2112\" data-end=\"2212\">\n<p data-start=\"2114\" data-end=\"2212\"><strong data-start=\"2114\" data-end=\"2138\">\u00dcretici rant\u0131 artar:<\/strong> Monopol firma, rekabet\u00e7i bir piyasaya k\u0131yasla daha fazla k\u00e2r elde eder.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2213\" data-end=\"2369\">\n<p data-start=\"2215\" data-end=\"2369\"><strong data-start=\"2215\" data-end=\"2238\">Toplam refah kayb\u0131:<\/strong> Baz\u0131 t\u00fcketicilerin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00fcksek fiyat nedeniyle alamamas\u0131, hem t\u00fcketici hem \u00fcretici i\u00e7in potansiyel refah\u0131n kaybolmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2371\" data-end=\"2464\">\u00d6zetle, monopol piyasalar verimlilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tam rekabet piyasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re dezavantajl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2466\" data-end=\"2469\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2471\" data-end=\"2522\"><strong data-start=\"2475\" data-end=\"2522\">4. Do\u011fal Monopol ve D\u00fczenleyici M\u00fcdahaleler<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2524\" data-end=\"2713\">Do\u011fal monopol, \u00f6zellikle y\u00fcksek sabit maliyetlerin ve \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomilerinin bulundu\u011fu sekt\u00f6rlerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Elektrik, do\u011falgaz, su ve demiryolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi alanlar buna \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2715\" data-end=\"2965\">Bu t\u00fcr piyasalarda, tek bir b\u00fcy\u00fck firman\u0131n \u00fcretim yapmas\u0131 toplam maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in toplum a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daha verimli olabilir. Ancak do\u011fal monopol firmalar\u0131n\u0131n, tekel g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in devletin d\u00fczenleyici mekanizmalar\u0131 devreye girer:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2967\" data-end=\"3266\">\n<li data-start=\"2967\" data-end=\"3059\">\n<p data-start=\"2969\" data-end=\"3059\"><strong data-start=\"2969\" data-end=\"2993\">Fiyat d\u00fczenlemeleri:<\/strong> Devlet, t\u00fcketiciyi korumak i\u00e7in fiyat tavanlar\u0131 belirleyebilir.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3060\" data-end=\"3155\">\n<p data-start=\"3062\" data-end=\"3155\"><strong data-start=\"3062\" data-end=\"3083\">Maliyet denetimi:<\/strong> Monopol firman\u0131n maliyet yap\u0131s\u0131 incelenerek, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 fiyatlama \u00f6nlenir.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3156\" data-end=\"3266\">\n<p data-start=\"3158\" data-end=\"3266\"><strong data-start=\"3158\" data-end=\"3197\">Lisanslama ve imtiyaz s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri:<\/strong> Kamu hizmetlerinde belirli standartlar\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"3268\" data-end=\"3271\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3273\" data-end=\"3322\"><strong data-start=\"3277\" data-end=\"3322\">5. Patentler, Lisanslar ve Hukuki Monopol<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"3324\" data-end=\"3428\">Monopol piyasalar her zaman piyasa dinamiklerinden de\u011fil, bazen de hukuki d\u00fczenlemelerden kaynaklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3430\" data-end=\"3856\">\n<li data-start=\"3430\" data-end=\"3608\">\n<p data-start=\"3432\" data-end=\"3608\"><strong data-start=\"3432\" data-end=\"3446\">Patentler:<\/strong> Yenilik\u00e7i firmalara, bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131 belirli bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in verilerek rekabet avantaj\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Bu, inovasyonu te\u015fvik eder ancak s\u00fcresi s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3609\" data-end=\"3765\">\n<p data-start=\"3611\" data-end=\"3765\"><strong data-start=\"3611\" data-end=\"3639\">Lisanslar ve imtiyazlar:<\/strong> H\u00fck\u00fcmet, belirli sekt\u00f6rlerde tek bir firmaya \u00fcretim izni verir. \u00d6rne\u011fin belediyelerin su da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m hizmetleri bu kapsamdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3766\" data-end=\"3856\">\n<p data-start=\"3768\" data-end=\"3856\"><strong data-start=\"3768\" data-end=\"3795\">Fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131:<\/strong> Yaz\u0131l\u0131m, sanat, m\u00fczik gibi alanlarda tekelci haklar yarat\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3858\" data-end=\"3992\">Bu t\u00fcr hukuki monopol t\u00fcrleri, rekabeti s\u0131n\u0131rlasa da inovasyonu destekledi\u011fi i\u00e7in iktisadi a\u00e7\u0131dan farkl\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirme gerektirir.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3994\" data-end=\"3997\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3999\" data-end=\"4044\"><strong data-start=\"4003\" data-end=\"4044\">6. Monopol\u00fcn Rekabet Hukukundaki Yeri<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4046\" data-end=\"4152\">Rekabet hukukunda monopol piyasalar, \u00f6zellikle <strong data-start=\"4093\" data-end=\"4102\">do\u011fal<\/strong> ve <strong data-start=\"4106\" data-end=\"4115\">yapay<\/strong> monopol ayr\u0131m\u0131yla de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4154\" data-end=\"4457\">\n<li data-start=\"4154\" data-end=\"4236\">\n<p data-start=\"4156\" data-end=\"4236\"><strong data-start=\"4156\" data-end=\"4174\">Do\u011fal monopol:<\/strong> \u00d6l\u00e7ek ekonomilerinden do\u011far ve genellikle denetime tabidir.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4237\" data-end=\"4457\">\n<p data-start=\"4239\" data-end=\"4457\"><strong data-start=\"4239\" data-end=\"4257\">Yapay monopol:<\/strong> Piyasadaki rakipleri d\u0131\u015flama, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 fiyat rekabeti, d\u00fc\u015fmanca sat\u0131n almalar veya da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m kanallar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etme yoluyla olu\u015fur. Bu t\u00fcr uygulamalar \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclkede <strong data-start=\"4418\" data-end=\"4436\">rekabet ihlali<\/strong> olarak kabul edilir.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4459\" data-end=\"4677\">T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Rekabet Kurumu ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi Rekabet Komisyonu, bu t\u00fcr yapay monopol olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan denetlemektedir. Bu sayede piyasa yo\u011funla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcketici aleyhine sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmas\u0131 engellenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4679\" data-end=\"4682\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4684\" data-end=\"4750\"><strong data-start=\"4688\" data-end=\"4750\">7. Monopol\u00fcn Alternatifleri: Oligopol ve Monopolc\u00fc Rekabet<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"4752\" data-end=\"4904\">Monopol, iktisadi modellerde u\u00e7 bir durumdur ve ger\u00e7ek hayatta daha nadir g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00c7o\u011fu piyasa, tam rekabet ile monopol aras\u0131nda bir yerde konumlan\u0131r:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4906\" data-end=\"5205\">\n<li data-start=\"4906\" data-end=\"5001\">\n<p data-start=\"4908\" data-end=\"5001\"><strong data-start=\"4908\" data-end=\"4921\">Oligopol:<\/strong> Piyasada az say\u0131da b\u00fcy\u00fck firma vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin otomotiv sekt\u00f6r\u00fc bu yap\u0131dad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5002\" data-end=\"5205\">\n<p data-start=\"5004\" data-end=\"5205\"><strong data-start=\"5004\" data-end=\"5026\">Monopolc\u00fc Rekabet:<\/strong> \u00c7ok say\u0131da firma benzer \u00fcr\u00fcnler satar ama \u00fcr\u00fcn farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 nedeniyle firmalar\u0131n fiyat \u00fczerinde k\u0131smi kontrol\u00fc vard\u0131r. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 telefon piyasas\u0131 bu yap\u0131ya \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5207\" data-end=\"5301\">Bu yap\u0131lar, monopol ve tam rekabet modellerine k\u0131yasla daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i piyasa dinamikleri sunar.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5303\" data-end=\"5306\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"5308\" data-end=\"5324\"><strong data-start=\"5312\" data-end=\"5324\">8. Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5326\" data-end=\"5521\">Monopol piyasalar, tek bir firman\u0131n \u00fcretimi ve fiyatlama g\u00fcc\u00fc nedeniyle iktisat teorisinde \u00f6zel bir yere sahiptir. Ancak modern ekonomilerde tam anlam\u0131yla monopol \u00f6rneklerine nadiren rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5523\" data-end=\"5624\">\n<li data-start=\"5523\" data-end=\"5559\">\n<p data-start=\"5525\" data-end=\"5559\">Yak\u0131n ikame \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin bulunmas\u0131,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5560\" data-end=\"5590\">\n<p data-start=\"5562\" data-end=\"5590\">K\u00fcresel rekabetin artmas\u0131,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5591\" data-end=\"5624\">\n<p data-start=\"5593\" data-end=\"5624\">Rekabet hukuku d\u00fczenlemeleri,<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5626\" data-end=\"5808\">monopol olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen do\u011fal tekelin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu altyap\u0131 hizmetleri gibi alanlarda devlet m\u00fcdahalesi, t\u00fcketici refah\u0131n\u0131 korumak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zorunludur.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5810\" data-end=\"6002\">Monopol piyasalar\u0131 anlamak, yaln\u0131zca firmalar\u0131n fiyatlama davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil; ayn\u0131 zamanda devletin d\u00fczenleyici rol\u00fcn\u00fc, t\u00fcketici refah\u0131n\u0131 ve rekabet hukukunu kavramak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tek bir firman\u0131n yak\u0131n ikamesi bulunmayan bir mal\u0131 \u00fcretti\u011fi ve satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 piyasa t\u00fcr\u00fcne monopol denir. Yani monopol piyasay\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan iki \u00f6zellik vard\u0131r; Tek bir firman\u0131n var olmas\u0131 (di\u011fer firmalar piyasaya giremezler). Yak\u0131n ikamesi bulunmayan mal \u00fcretmesi. Di\u011fer firmalar\u0131n piyasaya girmesini engelleyen unsurlara \u2018Giri\u015f Engelleri\u2019 denir. Giri\u015f engelleri iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan d\u00f6rt grupta ele al\u0131n\u0131r; Mal \u00fcretiminde<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":4811,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,47],"tags":[442,298],"class_list":{"0":"post-4810","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-jeoekonomik-makro-veriler","8":"category-makro-ekonomik-analizler","9":"tag-eksik-rekabet-piyasalari","10":"tag-monopol"},"better_featured_image":{"id":4811,"alt_text":"Monopol Nedir","caption":"","description":"","media_type":"image","media_details":{"width":400,"height":453,"file":"2023\/09\/Monopol-e1761925306510.jpg","filesize":58512,"sizes":{"medium":{"file":"Monopol-265x300.jpg","width":265,"height":300,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":25233,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Monopol-265x300.jpg"},"thumbnail":{"file":"Monopol-150x150.jpg","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":7322,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Monopol-150x150.jpg"},"medium_large":{"file":"Monopol-768x869.jpg","width":768,"height":869,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":216058,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Monopol-768x869.jpg"},"bunyad-small":{"file":"Monopol-150x170.jpg","width":150,"height":170,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":8054,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Monopol-150x170.jpg"},"bunyad-medium":{"file":"Monopol-450x509.jpg","width":450,"height":509,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":76341,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Monopol-450x509.jpg"},"bunyad-768":{"file":"Monopol-768x869.jpg","width":768,"height":869,"mime-type":"image\/jpeg","filesize":216058,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Monopol-768x869.jpg"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]}},"post":4810,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Monopol-e1761925306510.jpg"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4810","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4810"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4810\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5578,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4810\/revisions\/5578"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4810"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4810"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4810"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}