{"id":4845,"date":"2023-10-04T16:56:30","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T13:56:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/?p=4845"},"modified":"2025-08-18T18:32:31","modified_gmt":"2025-08-18T15:32:31","slug":"oligopol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/oligopol\/","title":{"rendered":"Oligopol"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Oligopol piyasa, az say\u0131da firman\u0131n bulundu\u011fu piyasa t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu piyasada firma say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n az olmas\u0131 firmalar\u0131n birbirlerinden \u00fcretim, reklam, fiyat gibi konularda etkilenmesine sebep olur. Bu durum <strong><em>\u2018kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k\u2019<\/em><\/strong> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu tip piyasalarda <a href=\"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/turkiyede-kur-enflasyon-iliskisi-ve-sessiz-monopol\/\">monopol piyasada<\/a> oldu\u011fu gibi y\u00fcksek giri\u015f engelleri vard\u0131r. iyasada \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcn, tam rekabet piyasas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi homojen, monopol piyasada oldu\u011fu gibi farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mal olabilir.\u00a0 Az say\u0131da firman\u0131n homojen bir mal\u0131 \u00fcretti\u011fi ve satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 piyasaya \u2018<strong><em>Saf Oligopol\u2019<\/em><\/strong> denir. Ham petrol \u00fcretimi saf oligopole \u00f6rnek verilebilir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde az say\u0131da firman\u0131n farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mal \u00fcretti\u011fi piyasaya ise <strong><em>\u2018Farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Oligopol\u2019<\/em><\/strong> denir. Bilgisayar, otomobil vb. \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u00fcretimi ise bu tip piyasaya \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n<p>Bu piyasalarda bir firman\u0131n fiyat-\u00fcretim konusunda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir karara rakip firmalar \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde tepkiler verebilirler. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir televizyon firmas\u0131 \u00fcretti\u011fi mal\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcrse, di\u011fer rakip firmalar bu karara \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verebilirler. Bunlar;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rakip firmalarda \u00fcrettikleri televizyon fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 oranda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilirler.<\/li>\n<li>Rakip firmalar \u00fcrettikleri televizyon fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek bir oranda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilirler.<\/li>\n<li>Daha yenilik\u00e7i bir \u00fcr\u00fcn geli\u015ftirme yoluna gidebilirler.<\/li>\n<li>Reklam kampanyalar\u0131na daha fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m yapabilirler.<\/li>\n<li>Ve yahut bu kararlardan bir ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 uygulayarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verebilirler.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Rakiplerin bu \u015fekilde birden fazla yol ile tepki vermeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fundan ve t\u00fcm bu tepkileri kapsayan genel bir eksik rekabet teorisi geli\u015ftirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, her bir tepki i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 bir model geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Firmalar\u0131n fiyat-\u00fcretim konusunda birlikte hareket etmelerine <strong><em>\u2018anla\u015fmal\u0131 oligopol\u2019<\/em><\/strong>, birlikte hareket etmemelerine de <strong><em>\u2018anla\u015fmas\u0131z oligopol\u2019<\/em><\/strong> denir.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Anla\u015fmas\u0131z Oligopol Modelleri<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/349240653_OLIGOPOL_OYUNLARI_COURNOT_VE_BERTRAND_REKABET_MODELI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cournot modeli<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bertrand modeli<\/li>\n<li>Edgeworth modeli<\/li>\n<li>Chamberlin modeli<\/li>\n<li>Stackelberg modeli<\/li>\n<li>Sweezy modeli<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Anla\u015fmal\u0131 Oligopol Modelleri<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A\u00e7\u0131k anla\u015fma: Kartel\/ Tr\u00f6st<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6rt\u00fck anla\u015fma: Fiyat \u00f6nderli\u011fi (D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli fiyat \u00f6nderli\u011fi ve Hakim firma fiyat \u00f6nderli\u011fi).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Eksik rekabet piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal refah d\u00fczeyine etkisi konusunda iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar aras\u0131nda bir fikir birli\u011fi yoktur. Bir k\u0131s\u0131m iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar bu tip piyasalar\u0131n iktisadi b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumsal refah d\u00fczeyini artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade ederken buna kar\u015f\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ftekiler piyasa giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kapal\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle verimli firmalar\u0131n ve teknolojilerin piyasadan d\u0131\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia eder.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"90\" data-end=\"656\">ligopol piyasalar\u0131n iktisadi analizinde \u00f6zellikle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan nokta, firmalar aras\u0131ndaki stratejik etkile\u015fimdir. Tam rekabet veya monopol gibi piyasalarda firmalar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 g\u00f6rece daha \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir iken, oligopol piyasalarda firmalar\u0131n kararlar\u0131 rakiplerinin muhtemel tepkileri dikkate al\u0131narak \u015fekillenir. Bu durum, oyun teorisi uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomi literat\u00fcr\u00fcne girmesinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Cournot, Bertrand ve Stackelberg modelleri, firmalar\u0131n \u00fcretim ve fiyatlama stratejilerini anlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan temel analitik \u00e7er\u00e7evelerdir.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"658\" data-end=\"1080\"><strong data-start=\"658\" data-end=\"676\">Cournot modeli<\/strong>, firmalar\u0131n \u00fcretim miktarlar\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda belirledikleri ve her firman\u0131n rakiplerinin \u00fcretim karar\u0131n\u0131 sabit varsayarak kendi \u00fcretimini optimize etti\u011fi bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan denge, Cournot dengesi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu modelde firmalar, birbirlerinin \u00fcretim kararlar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate ald\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in, piyasa fiyat\u0131 tam rekabet fiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde, fakat monopol fiyat\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1082\" data-end=\"1585\"><strong data-start=\"1082\" data-end=\"1101\">Bertrand modeli<\/strong> ise fiyat rekabetine odaklan\u0131r. Bu modelde firmalar \u00fcretim de\u011fil, fiyat kararlar\u0131n\u0131 stratejik olarak belirlerler. \u0130ki veya daha fazla firman\u0131n homojen mal \u00fcretti\u011fi durumda, Bertrand modeline g\u00f6re firmalar s\u00fcrekli olarak fiyatlar\u0131 k\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve sonu\u00e7ta fiyat, marjinal maliyete e\u015fitlenir. Yani Bertrand dengesinde tam rekabet sonucu elde edilir. Bu, oligopol piyasada dahi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc fiyat rekabetinin, t\u00fcketiciler i\u00e7in son derece avantajl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1587\" data-end=\"2038\"><strong data-start=\"1587\" data-end=\"1609\">Stackelberg modeli<\/strong>, lider-takip\u00e7i ili\u015fkisini esas al\u0131r. Burada bir firma (lider) \u00fcretim miktar\u0131n\u0131 ilk belirler, di\u011fer firmalar ise (takip\u00e7iler) bu karar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak kendi \u00fcretim d\u00fczeylerini belirler. Bu modelde lider firma, piyasa \u00fczerinde belirgin bir avantaja sahip olur ve daha y\u00fcksek kar elde eder. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde b\u00fcy\u00fck teknoloji \u015firketlerinin ve enerji devlerinin piyasa \u00fczerindeki hakimiyeti, Stackelberg mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2040\" data-end=\"2417\"><strong data-start=\"2040\" data-end=\"2057\">Sweezy modeli<\/strong> ise oligopol piyasalar\u0131n fiyat kat\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutar. Firmalar\u0131n fiyat art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda rakiplerinin bu art\u0131\u015fa uymamas\u0131, fiyat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ise rakiplerin ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde hareket etmesi, firmalar\u0131n fiyat de\u011fi\u015ftirmede isteksiz davranmalar\u0131na neden olur. Bu model, \u00f6zellikle oligopol piyasalar\u0131n neden uzun s\u00fcre sabit fiyat yap\u0131s\u0131 sergiledi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamakta kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2419\" data-end=\"2915\">Anla\u015fmal\u0131 oligopollerde ise firmalar aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k veya \u00f6rt\u00fck i\u015fbirli\u011fi s\u00f6z konusudur. <strong data-start=\"2506\" data-end=\"2519\">Karteller<\/strong> en tipik \u00f6rnektir. Kartel, birka\u00e7 firman\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131 ve \u00fcretim miktarlar\u0131n\u0131 koordineli bir bi\u00e7imde belirleyerek ortak kar maksimizasyonu yapmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr yap\u0131lar, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fclkede rekabet hukukuna ayk\u0131r\u0131 kabul edilir ve yasalarla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte uluslararas\u0131 alanda <strong data-start=\"2807\" data-end=\"2815\">OPEC<\/strong> gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctler, kartel mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla i\u015fleyerek petrol arz\u0131n\u0131 ve fiyat\u0131n\u0131 belirlemede etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2917\" data-end=\"3213\">\u00d6rt\u00fck anla\u015fmalar ise daha \u00e7ok <strong data-start=\"2947\" data-end=\"2966\">fiyat \u00f6nderli\u011fi<\/strong> \u015feklinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu durumda maliyet avantaj\u0131na sahip olan veya piyasada hakim konumda bulunan firma fiyatlar\u0131 belirler, di\u011fer firmalar ise bu fiyatlar\u0131 takip eder. B\u00f6ylece do\u011frudan i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131lmadan da oligopolistik i\u015fleyi\u015f s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3215\" data-end=\"3725\">Oligopol piyasalar\u0131n toplumsal refah \u00fczerindeki etkileri ise \u00e7ift y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir taraftan, yo\u011fun rekabetin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 oligopol yap\u0131lar\u0131nda firmalar s\u00fcrekli olarak yenilik yapmaya, maliyetleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeye ve t\u00fcketicilere daha fazla se\u00e7enek sunmaya zorlan\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle otomotiv ve teknoloji sekt\u00f6rlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen inovasyon dalgalar\u0131, oligopolistik rekabetin bir sonucu olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan oligopol piyasalar\u0131n dinamik bir yap\u0131 sergileyerek ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmeyi ve verimlili\u011fi destekledi\u011fi savunulur.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"3727\" data-end=\"4160\">Di\u011fer taraftan, oligopol piyasalar\u0131n rekabeti s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6nleri de vard\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek giri\u015f engelleri, yeni firmalar\u0131n piyasaya girmesini zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve bu durum mevcut b\u00fcy\u00fck firmalar\u0131n piyasa g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirir. Kartelle\u015fme veya \u00f6rt\u00fck anla\u015fmalar yoluyla fiyatlar\u0131n yapay olarak y\u00fcksek tutulmas\u0131, t\u00fcketici refah\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r. Bu nedenle, rekabet otoriteleri oligopol piyasalar\u0131 yak\u0131ndan takip eder ve gerekti\u011finde m\u00fcdahalelerde bulunur.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4162\" data-end=\"4933\">Sonu\u00e7 olarak oligopol piyasalar, modern ekonomilerde en s\u0131k rastlanan piyasa t\u00fcrlerinden biridir. \u00d6zellikle enerji, ileti\u015fim, otomotiv ve teknoloji sekt\u00f6rlerinde oligopolistik yap\u0131 hakimdir. Bu piyasalar\u0131n anla\u015fmal\u0131 ya da anla\u015fmas\u0131z i\u015fleyi\u015f bi\u00e7imleri, hem firmalar\u0131n stratejik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 hem de devletlerin d\u00fczenleyici politikalar\u0131n\u0131 belirler. \u0130ktisat teorisinde oligopol \u00fczerine geli\u015ftirilen modeller, firmalar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerini anlamak i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli analitik ara\u00e7lard\u0131r. Ancak ger\u00e7ek hayatta oligopol piyasalar\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman model varsay\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mekte ve karma\u015f\u0131k bir dinamik sergilemektedir. Bu nedenle oligopol piyasalar\u0131n analizinde teorik modeller kadar, ampirik g\u00f6zlemler ve sekt\u00f6rel incelemeler de kritik \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Oligopol piyasa, az say\u0131da firman\u0131n bulundu\u011fu piyasa t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu piyasada firma say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n az olmas\u0131 firmalar\u0131n birbirlerinden \u00fcretim, reklam, fiyat gibi konularda etkilenmesine sebep olur. Bu durum \u2018kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu tip piyasalarda monopol piyasada oldu\u011fu gibi y\u00fcksek giri\u015f engelleri vard\u0131r. iyasada \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcn, tam rekabet piyasas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi homojen, monopol piyasada oldu\u011fu gibi farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4846,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,47],"tags":[451,450],"class_list":{"0":"post-4845","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-jeoekonomik-makro-veriler","8":"category-makro-ekonomik-analizler","9":"tag-cournot-oligopol","10":"tag-oligopol"},"better_featured_image":{"id":4846,"alt_text":"Oligopol Nedir","caption":"","description":"","media_type":"image","media_details":{"width":1024,"height":902,"file":"2023\/10\/Oligopol-Piyasa.png","filesize":67002,"sizes":{"medium":{"file":"Oligopol-Piyasa-300x264.png","width":300,"height":264,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":17689,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Oligopol-Piyasa-300x264.png"},"thumbnail":{"file":"Oligopol-Piyasa-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":7624,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Oligopol-Piyasa-150x150.png"},"medium_large":{"file":"Oligopol-Piyasa-768x677.png","width":768,"height":677,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":62365,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Oligopol-Piyasa-768x677.png"},"bunyad-small":{"file":"Oligopol-Piyasa-150x132.png","width":150,"height":132,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":7120,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Oligopol-Piyasa-150x132.png"},"bunyad-medium":{"file":"Oligopol-Piyasa-450x396.png","width":450,"height":396,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":29876,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Oligopol-Piyasa-450x396.png"},"bunyad-768":{"file":"Oligopol-Piyasa-768x677.png","width":768,"height":677,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":62365,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Oligopol-Piyasa-768x677.png"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]}},"post":4845,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Oligopol-Piyasa.png"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4845","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4845"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4845\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5572,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4845\/revisions\/5572"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4846"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4845"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4845"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4845"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}