Monopolc\u00fcn\u00fcn<\/a> \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na gidebilmesinin iki ko\u015fulu vard\u0131r: Bunlardan birinci t\u00fcketicilerin arbitraj yapmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ko\u015ful bazen piyasan\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015fli piyasalardan de\u011fil de b\u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc piyasalardan olu\u015fmas\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde ifade edilir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n ikinci ko\u015fulu ise, talebin fiyat esnekli\u011finin her alt piyasada farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Monopolc\u00fcn\u00fcn piyasay\u0131 iki alt piyasaya ( A ve B ) ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilirse, bu ko\u015ful k\u0131saca\u00a0 e(a) \u2260 e(b) bi\u00e7iminde ifade edilebilir.<\/p>\nMonopolc\u00fc, her piyasadaki marjinal has\u0131lat\u0131 marjinal maliyete ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da her piyasadaki marjinal has\u0131latlar\u0131 birbirine e\u015fitlemek suretiyle kar\u0131n\u0131 maksimize eder;<\/p>\n
MR(a) = MC, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla MR(a) = MR(b) = MC<\/p>\n
Bu husus ise marjinal has\u0131lat esneklik ili\u015fkisi, MR = P( 1 \u2013 1\/e ), hesaba kat\u0131larak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi ifade edilebilir;<\/p>\n
![\"\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc](\"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilasmasi-Formulu.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/p>\n
\u0130ki alt piyasa itibariyle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na giden bir monopolc\u00fcn\u00fcn denge ko\u015fulunu veren yukar\u0131daki denkleme g\u00f6re, E(a) = E(b) iken P(a) = P(b)’dir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da monopolc\u00fcn\u00fcn iki alt piyasada iki farkl\u0131 fiyat uygulayabilmesi i\u00e7in, her iki piyasadaki talep esnekliklerinin yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi birbirinden farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir, E(a) \u2260 E(b) iken P(a) \u2260 P(b)’dir. Di\u011fer taraftan talep esnekli\u011fi ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa yukar\u0131daki denklemdeki ( 1 \u2013 1\/e ) terimlerinin de\u011feri o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olur. Bu ise iki alt piyasa itibariyle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na giden monopolc\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u0131n\u0131 maksimize etmek i\u00e7in, talebin daha esnek oldu\u011fu piyasada mal\u0131 daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyattan ( talebin daha az esnek oldu\u011fu piyasada mal\u0131 daha y\u00fcksek fiyattan ) sataca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir, E(a)> E(b) ise P(a)<P(b).<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin alt piyasalardaki talep esneklikleri s\u0131ras\u0131yla E(a) = 4 ve E(b) = 3 ise ve mal birinci alt piyasada P(a) = 10 liradan sat\u0131l\u0131yorsa, ikinci alt piyasada P(b) = 11.25 liradan sat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
![\"\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc](\"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilasmasi-Ornek-Hesaplama.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Buna g\u00f6re monopolc\u00fc teorik olarak t\u00fcketici rant\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm m\u00fc\u015fteri segmentleri\/altgruplar\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131f\u0131ra yakla\u015ft\u0131rabilir ve piyasadan maksimum kazanc\u0131 elde edebilir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 ola\u011fan monopol karlara ek olarak s\u0131f\u0131rlanan t\u00fcketici rantlar\u0131n\u0131n da monopolc\u00fcye \u00fcretici rant\u0131 olarak transfer olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/span><\/p>\n\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, mikro iktisatta monopolc\u00fc davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n en \u00e7ok g\u00f6zlenen bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir. Uygulamada bu strateji, yaln\u0131zca teorik bir model olarak de\u011fil, ula\u015f\u0131m, ila\u00e7, e\u011fitim, e\u011flence ve hizmet sekt\u00f6rlerinde s\u0131k s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan bir fiyatlama y\u00f6ntemidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin sinema salonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenci, yeti\u015fkin ve emekliler i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 bilet fiyatlar\u0131 uygulamas\u0131 veya ila\u00e7 firmalar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 ilac\u0131 geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde y\u00fcksek, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatla satmalar\u0131 bu durumun tipik \u00f6rnekleridir.<\/p>\n
1) Arbitraj\u0131n \u00d6nlenmesi<\/strong>
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n en kritik ko\u015fulu, alt piyasalar aras\u0131nda t\u00fcketici arbitraj\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesidir. Yani bir alt piyasada d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyattan sat\u0131n alan t\u00fcketici, mal\u0131 ba\u015fka bir alt piyasada y\u00fcksek fiyattan sat\u0131p k\u00e2r edememelidir. E\u011fer bu t\u00fcr bir yeniden sat\u0131\u015f m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olursa, monopolc\u00fcn\u00fcn farkl\u0131 fiyatlama stratejisi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez. Bu nedenle farkl\u0131 co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgeler, yasal d\u00fczenlemeler veya t\u00fcketici kimlik do\u011frulama sistemleri fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n2) Fiyat Esnekli\u011fi ve Stratejik Fiyatlama<\/strong>
Talep esnekli\u011fi, monopolc\u00fcn\u00fcn fiyatlama stratejisinde belirleyici unsurdur. Talep esnekli\u011fi y\u00fcksek olan bir alt piyasada (\u00f6rne\u011fin \u00f6\u011frenciler) t\u00fcketiciler fiyat de\u011fi\u015fimlerine daha duyarl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in fiyat daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutulur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k talep esnekli\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan gruplarda (\u00f6rne\u011fin i\u015f seyahati yapan yolcular) fiyat daha y\u00fcksek belirlenir. Havayolu \u015firketlerinin ayn\u0131 u\u00e7u\u015f i\u00e7in i\u015f insanlar\u0131na daha pahal\u0131, tatil ama\u00e7l\u0131 yolculara daha ucuz bilet satmalar\u0131 bu mant\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n3) Sosyal Refah ve Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m Etkileri<\/strong>
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, monopolc\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131rken t\u00fcketici rant\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r. Teorik olarak, her bir alt piyasada fiyat ve miktar ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, t\u00fcketici fazlas\u0131 s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131nsar. Bununla birlikte, baz\u0131 iktisat\u00e7\u0131lar fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n sosyal refah a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan mutlak olumsuz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tek fiyatla piyasaya sunuldu\u011funda baz\u0131 alt gruplar hi\u00e7 hizmet alamayacakken (\u00f6rne\u011fin y\u00fcksek gelirli gruplar i\u00e7in belirlenmi\u015f fiyat\u0131 \u00f6deyemeyen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli t\u00fcketiciler), farkl\u0131 fiyat uygulamas\u0131 sayesinde daha geni\u015f bir t\u00fcketici kitlesi mal veya hizmete eri\u015febilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131msal adalet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 fiyatland\u0131rma hem olumsuz hem de olumlu sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilir.<\/p>\n4) Politika ve Reg\u00fclasyon Perspektifi<\/strong>
Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 rekabet otoritelerinin denetimindedir. T\u00fcketici refah\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zedeleyen, ayr\u0131mc\u0131 ve istismarc\u0131 fiyatlamalar yasaklanabilir. \u00d6zellikle ila\u00e7 sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde, geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatla ila\u00e7 sat\u0131lmas\u0131 sosyal fayda sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken, ayn\u0131 ilac\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f pazarlarda y\u00fcksek fiyatla sat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kabul edilebilir bir strateji olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak dijital platformlarda ki\u015fiselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f fiyatlaman\u0131n artmas\u0131, t\u00fcketicilerin algoritmalar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tek tek segmentlere ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na ve her bireye farkl\u0131 fiyat sunulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fme, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n \u201cd\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc derece\u201d veya \u201cki\u015fiselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f fiyatland\u0131rma\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeni bir tart\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 yaratmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n5) Uygulama \u00d6rnekleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- \n
Ula\u015f\u0131m:<\/strong> \u00d6\u011frenci ve ya\u015fl\u0131 indirimleri, esnek olmayan i\u015f seyahatlerine g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyatlar.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
Sa\u011fl\u0131k:<\/strong> \u0130la\u00e7 firmalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli \u00fclkelere ucuz, y\u00fcksek gelirli \u00fclkelere pahal\u0131 ila\u00e7 sat\u0131\u015f\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
E\u011flence:<\/strong> Sinema, m\u00fcze veya tiyatroda indirimli biletler.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n- \n
Dijital Ekonomi:<\/strong> Kullan\u0131c\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 abonelik fiyatlar\u0131 veya kampanyalar.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nSonu\u00e7<\/strong>
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, monopolc\u00fc i\u00e7in k\u00e2r maksimizasyonunun \u00f6nemli bir arac\u0131 olmakla birlikte, t\u00fcketici rant\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r ve gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 etkileri tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak, baz\u0131 durumlarda daha geni\u015f kitlelerin mal veya hizmete eri\u015fmesini sa\u011flayarak sosyal a\u00e7\u0131dan olumlu bir rol de oynayabilir. Bu nedenle modern ekonomilerde, fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n hangi ko\u015fullarda kabul edilebilir oldu\u011fu, hem teorik hem de pratik d\u00fczeyde \u00f6nemini koruyan bir tart\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, monopolc\u00fc bir firman\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi her mal\u0131n farkl\u0131 birimlerine farkl\u0131 fiyat uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda her alt piyasadaki t\u00fcketici grubu i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 fiyat uygulamas\u0131na denir. Monopolc\u00fcn\u00fcn piyasay\u0131 alt piyasalara ay\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ve her alt piyasadaki t\u00fcketicilere ayr\u0131 bir fiyat uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na da, ger\u00e7ek hayatta s\u0131k\u00e7a rastlan\u0131r. Monopolc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc derece fiyat farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":4972,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,47],"tags":[442,298],"class_list":{"0":"post-4969","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-jeoekonomik-makro-veriler","8":"category-makro-ekonomik-analizler","9":"tag-eksik-rekabet-piyasalari","10":"tag-monopol"},"better_featured_image":{"id":4972,"alt_text":"Monopol ve Fiyat Farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131","caption":"","description":"","media_type":"image","media_details":{"width":2560,"height":662,"file":"2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi.png","filesize":92130,"sizes":{"medium":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-300x78.png","width":300,"height":78,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":9702,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-300x78.png"},"large":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-1024x265.png","width":1024,"height":265,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":51137,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-1024x265.png"},"thumbnail":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-150x150.png","width":150,"height":150,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":3808,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-150x150.png"},"medium_large":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-768x199.png","width":768,"height":199,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":35859,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-768x199.png"},"1536x1536":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-1536x397.png","width":1536,"height":397,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":81620,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-1536x397.png"},"2048x2048":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-2048x530.png","width":2048,"height":530,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":117760,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-2048x530.png"},"bunyad-small":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-150x39.png","width":150,"height":39,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":3673,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-150x39.png"},"bunyad-medium":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-450x116.png","width":450,"height":116,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":16973,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-450x116.png"},"bunyad-full":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-1200x310.png","width":1200,"height":310,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":60775,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-1200x310.png"},"bunyad-viewport":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-2048x530.png","width":2048,"height":530,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":117760,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-2048x530.png"},"bunyad-768":{"file":"Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-768x199.png","width":768,"height":199,"mime-type":"image\/png","filesize":35859,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi-768x199.png"}},"image_meta":{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0","keywords":[]}},"post":4969,"source_url":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Ucuncu-Derece-Fiyat-Farklilastirmasi-Grafigi.png"},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4969","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4969"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4969\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5548,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4969\/revisions\/5548"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4972"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4969"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4969"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/datakapital.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4969"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}